ABSTRACT: In this paper, researchers studied and developed waste management strategies to apply for advantages for specific needs. Owing to the scarcity and harmful of cement for the preparation of mortar and concrete, partial replacement of steel Slag with M-sand have been attempted. The effects of replacing cement by steel slag on the compression strength of cubes, split tensile strength of cylinders and textural strength of beams are evaluated in this study. steel slag is obtained as waste product from the sterlite industries. Investigations were carried out to explore the possibility of using steel slag as a replacement of cement in concrete mixtures. The test results of concrete were obtained by adding steel slag to cement in various percentages ranging from 10%, 20%, 30%.All specimens were cured for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days before compression strength test, splitting tensile test and flexural strength. This results of the research paper showed that the possibility of using
STAIRCASE
Staircases provide means of
movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases consist of a
number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and
safety
for the users.
Some common types of stairs
are These include straight-flight stairs, quarter-turn stairs,
half-turn stairs, branching
stairs, and geometrical
stairs.
Technical Terms
Tread
The horizontal portion of a
step where the foot rests is referred to as tread 250 to 300 mm is the
typically dimensions of tread.
Riser
Riser is the vertical distance between the
adjacent treads of the vertical projection of the step with value of 150 to 190
mm depending upon the type of building.
Going
Going is the horizontal projection of an
inclined flight of steps between the first and last riser. Typical flight
comprise two landings and going.
Types of staircase
The various types of staircase adopted in
different types of buildings can be grouped under geometrical and structural
classifications depending upon their shape and plan pattern and their
structural behavior under loads.
a)
Single flight staircase
b)
Single and quarter turn staircase
c)
Dog legged staircase
d)
Open well staircase
Structural behavior of staircase
Staircase can be grouped depending
upon the support conditions and the direction of major bending of the slab
component under the following categories
i.
Staircase slab planning longitudinally
ii.
Staircase slab planning transversely
Staircase slabs spanning in the transverse direction
The most common examples of staircase
slabs spanning in the transverse direction are grouped under the following
i.
Slab supported between two edge beams are walls.
ii.
Slab cantilevering on either side of a central beam.
iii.
A cantilever slab from a wall or a spandrel beam.
Loads on staircase
The loads to be considered
in the design of staircases comprise the flowing types
Dead loads
The various dead loads are
i.
Self weight of stair slab concrete which includes the waist slab, tread
riser etc.
ii.
Self weight of finishes (0.5 to 1 KN/m2)
Live loads
The IS: 875-1987 code specifies the
live loads to be considered as uniformly distributed load of intensively 5 KN/m2
for public buildings and 3KN/m2 residential buildings where the
specified floor loads do not exceed 2 KN/m2 ,and the staircase are
not liable for overcrowding.
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